Understanding Hernias: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and When to Seek Care
July 24, 2026
A hernia is one of the most common medical conditions affecting adults, yet many people are unsure what a hernia actually is or when it requires medical attention. Some people ignore symptoms for months or even years, assuming the discomfort will go away on its own. Others may feel nervous about seeking treatment because they are unfamiliar with modern surgical options and recovery times.
The good news is that hernias are highly treatable, especially when identified early. Understanding the warning signs and knowing when to speak with your physician can help prevent complications and get you back to feeling your best.
What is a Hernia?
A hernia occurs when an internal organ or tissue pushes through a weak area in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue. Hernias most commonly develop in the abdominal wall or groin area, though they can occur in several parts of the body.
You can think of the abdominal wall like a strong layer that helps keep organs and tissues in place. When a weakness or tear develops in that layer, tissue can begin to protrude through the opening, creating a bulge or area of pressure.
Some hernias are small and painless at first, while others became larger and more uncomfortable over time. In many cases, people first notice symptoms while lifting something heavy, exercising, coughing, or straining.
Common Types of Hernias
There are several different kinds of hernias, each occurring in a specific area of the body.
Type
Description
Symptoms
Inguinal
An inguinal hernia is the most common type of hernia and occurs in the groin area. It develops when tissue pushes through a weak spot in the lower abdominal wall. Men are more likely than women to develop inguinal hernias, though they can affect anyone.
A visible bulge in the groin
Discomfort or burning sensations
Pain when lifting, coughing, or bending
A feeling of heaviness or weakness in the groin
Umbilical
Umbilical hernias occur near the belly button and are common in both infants and adults. In adults, these hernias may develop due to increased abdominal pressure from obesity, pregnancy, or heavy lifting.
A visible bulge/lump
Discomfort or burning sensations
Pain when lifting, coughing, or bending
Hiatal
A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach pushes upward through the diaphragm into the chest cavity. Unlike other hernias, hiatal hernias usually do not create a visible bulge. Instead, they are often associated with symptoms.
Heartburn
Acid reflux
Chest discomfort
Difficulty swallowing
Incisional
An incisional hernia can develop at the site of a previous surgical incision. Even after surgery heals, the abdominal wall may remain weaker in that area, allowing tissue to protrude through over time.
Visible bulge at incisional site
What causes Hernias?
Hernias can occur for many different reasons, but they generally develop because of a combination of muscle weakness and strain or pressure.
Some people are born with naturally weaker areas in the abdominal wall, while others develop weakness later in life due to aging, injury, or prior surgery.
Several factors can increase the risk of developing a hernia, including:
Heavy lifting
Chronic coughing
Frequent straining during bowel movements
Pregnancy
Smoking
Aging
Previous abdominal surgery
Repetitive physical activity
Athletes and individuals with physically demanding jobs may also be at higher risk because of repeated stress on the abdominal muscles.
Recognize the Symptoms
Hernia symptoms can vary depending on the type and severity. Some people experience very little discomfort initially, while others notice persistent pain or pressure.
Common signs and symptoms include:
A visible bulge or lump
Pain or discomfort when lifting or bending
A feeling of pressure or heaviness
Burning or aching sensations
Swelling in the groin or abdomen
Symptoms that worsen throughout the day
In some cases, a hernia may temporarily disappear when lying down but reappear when standing or straining.
When a Hernia Becomes an Emergency
Although many hernias begin as mild conditions, they can become serious if left untreated.
Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:
Sudden or severe pain
Nausea or vomiting
Redness or discoloration around the bulge
Fever
A hernia that becomes firm or cannot be pushed back in
These symptoms may indicate a medical emergency that requires urgent surgical care.
How Hernias Are Diagnosed
In many cases, hernias can be diagnosed during a physical examination. Your physician or surgeon will evaluate your symptoms and may ask you to cough or strain gently during the exam to better identify the hernia.
Sometimes imaging studies such as an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI may be recommended to confirm the diagnosis or evaluate the size and location of the hernia.
Treatment Options for Hernias
A hernia will not heal on its own. While lifestyle changes may help reduce symptoms temporarily, surgery is often the most effective long-term treatment.
Fortunately, advances in surgical techniques have made hernia repair safe and less invasive than ever before. Many hernias can now be repaired using minimally invasive laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery. These techniques use small incisions and specialized instruments to repair the weakened area. Some hernia repairs might require the addition of mesh, a thin net-like patch, to strengthen the tissue and lower the risk of a reoccurring hernia.
When Should You Speak With Your Physician?
If you notice a persistent bulge, discomfort, or pressure in your abdomen or groin, it is important to schedule an evaluation. Early treatment can often prevent symptoms from worsening and reduce the risk of complications.
You should also speak with your physician if:
Pain is interfering with daily activities
Symptoms are becoming more frequent
You experience digestive symptoms with a hiatal hernia
The hernia appears to be increasing in size
Even mild symptoms are worth discussing, especially if they continue over time.
Schedule a Consultation with Schneck Surgical Associates
If you are experiencing symptoms of a hernia or have questions about treatment options, the experienced team at Schenck Surgical Associates is here to help.
Our surgeons provide expert evaluations and personalized treatment plans using advanced surgical techniques designed to help patients recover safely and comfortably. Call Schneck Surgical Associates to schedule a consultation with one of our surgeons and learn more about treatment options.
Dr. Amanda Dick is a surgeon with Schneck Surgical Associates.
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